This is a introduction of how to use the commands provided in the
KAME
kit. For more information, please refer to each man page to be
installed in "/usr/local/v6/man". It is very convenient to add this
path to "MANPATH". Also, /usr/local/v6/share/doc/kame has several
documents
related to KAME kit.
<<
A link-local address is automatically assigned to each interface, when
the interface becomes up for the first time. Even if you find an
interface
without a link-local address, do not panic. The link-local address will
be
assigned when it becomes up (with "ifconfig IF up").
Some network drivers allow an interface to become up even without a
hardware address (for example, PCMCIA network cards). In such cases, it
is
possible that an interface has no link-local address even if the
interface is up. If you see such situation, please disable the
interface once and then re-enable it (i.e. do `ifconfig IF down;
ifconfig IF up').
Pseudo interfaces (like "gif" tunnel device) will borrow IPv6 interface
identifier (lowermost 64bit of the address) from EUI64/IEEE802 sources,
like ethernet cards.
Pseudo interfaces will be able to get IPv6
link-local
address, if you have other "real" interface configured beforehand.
If you have no EUI64/IEEE802 sources on the node, you may need to
configure
link-local address manually. Though we have last-resort code in the
kernel,
which generates interface identifier from MD5(hostname), it may not
suitable
for your usage (for example, if you configure same hostname on both
sides
of gif tunnel, you will be doomed).
If you have a router announcing Router Advertisement,
global addresses will be assigned automatically. So, neither
"ifconfig" nor "prefix" is necessary for your *host*. (Please refer to
"sysctl" section for configuring a host to accept Router
Advertisement.)
If you want to set up a router, you need to assign global addresses
for two or more interfaces by "ifconfig" or "prefix". (prefix command
is described at next section)
If you want to assign a global address by "ifconfig", don't forget to
specify the "alias" argument to keep the link-local address.
# ifconfig de0 inet6 3ffe:501:808:1:200:f8ff:fe01:6317 alias
# ifconfig de0
de0: flags=8843
media: 100baseTX status: active
See also "/usr/local/v6/etc/rc.net6".
<
In IPv6 architecture, an IPv6 address of an interface can be generated
from a prefix assigned to it, and a link-dependent identifier for the
interface. So assigning a full IPv6 address by ifconfig is not
necessary anymore, because user can only take care of prefix, by
letting system take care of interface identifier.
The newly added "prefix" command enables user to just assign prefixes
for interfaces, and let your system automatically generate IPv6
addresses. Prefixes added by the "prefix" command is maintained in
the kernel consistently with prefixes assigned by Router
Advertisement(in case of hosts) and with prefixes assigned by Router
Renumbering(in case of routers).
Manual assignment of prefixes or
change of prefix properties take precedence over ones assigned by
Router Advertisement or Router Renumbering.
If you want to assign a prefix(and consequently address) manually, do
as follows:
# prefix de0 3ffe:501:808:1::
# ifconfig de0
de0: flags=8843
media: 100baseTX status: active
To check assigned prefix, use the "ndp" command. (See description of
ndp command about its usage)
# ndp -p
3ffe:501:808:1::/64 if=de0 flags=LA, vltime=2592000, pltime=604800,
expire=Never No advertising router
The "prefix" command also has node internal prefix renumbering
ability.
If you have multiple prefixes which have 3ffe:501:808:/48 at the top,
and would like to renumber them to 3ffe:501:4819:/48, then use the
"prefix" command with the "matchpr" argument and the "usepr" argument.
Suppose that current state of before renumbering as follows:
# ifconfig de0
de0: flags=8843
media: 100baseTX status: active
# ifconfig de1
de1: flags=8843
media: 100baseTX status: active
# ndp -p
3ffe:501:808:1::/64 if=de0 flags=LA, vltime=2592000, pltime=604800,
expire=Never No advertising router
3ffe:501:808:2::/64 if=de1 flags=LA, vltime=2592000, pltime=604800,
expire=Never No advertising router
Then do as follows:
# prefix -a matchpr 3ffe:501:808:: mp_len 48 usepr 3ffe:501:4819::
up_uselen 48 change
If command is successful, prefixes and addresses will be renumbered as
follows.
# ifconfig de0
de0: flags=8843
media: 100baseTX status: active
# ifconfig de1
de1: flags=8843
media: 100baseTX status: active
# ndp -p
3ffe:501:4819:1::/64 if=de0 flags=LA, vltime=2592000, pltime=604800,
expire=Never No advertising router
3ffe:501:4819:2::/64 if=de1 flags=LA, vltime=2592000, pltime=604800,
expire=Never No advertising router
See also "/usr/local/v6/etc/rc.net6".
<<
If there is a router announcing Router Advertisement on the subnet,
you need not to add a default route for your host by yourself.
(Please refer to "sysctl" section to accept Router Advertisement.)
If you want to add a default route manually, do as follows:
# route add -inet6 default fe80:2::200:a2ff:fe0e:7543
"default" means ::/0. In other cases, if "prefixlen" is omitted, 64
is assumed for "prefixlen" to get along with the aggregatable address.
Note that, in IPv6, link-local address should be used as gateway
("fe80:2::200:a2ff:fe0e:7543" in the above). If you use global
addresses,
icmp6 redirect may not work properly. For ease of configuration we
recommend
you to avoid static routes and run a routing daemon (route6d for
example)
instead.
<<
Reachability can be checked by "ping6". This "ping6" allows multicast
for its argument.
% ping6 -I ed0 ff02::1
PING6(56=40+8+8 bytes) fe80::5254:ff:feda:cb7d --> ff02::1
56 bytes from fe80::5254:ff:feda:cb7d, icmp_seq=0 hlim=64 time=0.25 ms
56 bytes from fe80::2a0:c9ff:fe84:ed6c, icmp_seq=0 hlim=64 time=1.333
ms(DUP!)
56 bytes from fe80::5254:ff:feda:d161, icmp_seq=0 hlim=64 time=1.459
ms(DUP!)
56 bytes from fe80::260:97ff:fec2:80bf, icmp_seq=0 hlim=64 time=1.538
ms(DUP!)
56 bytes from 3ffe:501:4819:2000:5054:ff:fedb:aa46, icmp_seq=0 hlim=255
time=1.615 ms(DUP!)
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Name resolution is possible by ICMPv6 node information query message.
This is very convenient for link-local addresses whose host name cannot
be
resolved by DNS. Specify the "-w" option to "ping6".
% ping6 -I ed0 -w ff02::1
64 bytes from fe80::5254:ff:feda:cb7d: fto.kame.net
67 bytes from fe80::5254:ff:feda:d161: banana.kame.net
69 bytes from fe80::2a0:c9ff:fe84:ebd9: paradise.kame.net
66 bytes from fe80::260:8ff:fe8b:447f: taroh.kame.net
66 bytes from fe80::2a0:c9ff:fe84:ed6c: ayame.kame.net
<<
The route for a target host can be checked by "traceroute6".
% traceroute6 tokyo.v6.wide.ad.jp
traceroute to tokyo.v6.wide.ad.jp (3ffe:501:0:401:200:e8ff:fed5:8923),
30 hops max, 12 byte packets
1 nr60.v6.kame.net 1.239 ms 0.924 ms 0.908
ms
2 otemachi.v6.wide.ad.jp 28.953 ms 31.451 ms 26.567 ms
3
tokyo.v6.wide.ad.jp 26.549 ms 26.58 ms 26.186 ms
If the -l option is specified, both address and name are shown in each
line.
% traceroute6 -l tokyo.v6.wide.ad.jp
traceroute to tokyo.v6.wide.ad.jp (3ffe:501:0:401:200:e8ff:fed5:8923),
30 hops max, 12 byte packets
1 nr60.v6.kame.net
(3ffe:501:4819:2000:260:97ff:fec2:80bf) 1.23 ms 0.952 ms 0.92 ms
2
otemachi.v6.wide.ad.jp (3ffe:501:0:1802:260:97ff:feb6:7ff0) 27.345 ms
26.706 ms 26.563 ms
3 tokyo.v6.wide.ad.jp
(3ffe:501:0:401:200:e8ff:fed5:8923) 26.329 ms 26.36 ms 28.63 ms
<<
To display the current Neighbor cache, use "ndp":
% ndp -a
Neighbor Linklayer Address Netif Expire St Flgs Prbs
nr60.v6.kame.net 0:60:97:c2:80:bf ed0 expired S R
3ffe:501:4819:2000:2c0:cff:fe 0:c0:c:10:3a:53 ed0 permanent R
paradise.v6.kame.net 52:54:0:dc:52:17 ed0 expired S R
fe80:1::200:eff:fe49:f929 0:0:e:49:f9:29 ed0 expired S R
fe80:1::200:86ff:fe05:80da 0:0:86:5:80:da ed0 expired S
fe80:1::200:86ff:fe05:c2d8 0:0:86:5:c2:d8 ed0 9s R
To flush the all NDP
cache, execute the following by root.
# ndp -c
To display the prefix list.
% ndp -p
3ffe:501:4819:2000::/64 if=ed0 flags=LA, vltime=2592000, pltime=604800,
expire=29d23h59m58s advertised by fe80::5254:ff:fedc:5217
fe80::260:97ff:fec2:80bf fe80::200:eff:fe49:f929
To display the default router list.
% ndp -r
fe80::260:97ff:fec2:80bf if=ed0, flags=, expire=29m55s
fe80::5254:ff:fedc:5217 if=ed0, flags=, expire=29m7s
fe80::200:eff:fe49:f929 if=ed0, flags=, expire=28m47s
<<
To generate a Router Solicitation message right now to get global
addresses, use "rtsol".
# ifconfig ef0
ef0: flags=8863
# rtsol ef0
# ifconfig ef0
ef0: flags=8863
<<
rtsold is a daemon version of rtsol. If you run KAME IPv6 on a laptop
computer and frequently move with it, the daemon is useful since it
watches
the interface and sends router solicitations when the status of the
interface
changes. Note, however, that the feature is disabled by default. Please
add -m option when invocation of rtsold.
rtsold also supports multiple interfaces. For example, you can
invoke the daemon as follows:
# rtsold -m ep0 cnw0
<<
To see routing table: # netstat -nr
# netstat -nrl (long format with Ref and Use)
<<
If "net.inet6.ip6.accept_rtadv" is 1, Router Advertisement is
accepted. This means that global addresses and default route are
automatically set up. Otherwise, the announcement is rejected. The
default value is 0.
To set "net.inet6.ip6.accept_rtadv" to 1, execute
as follows:
# sysctl -w net.inet6.ip6.accept_rtadv=1
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"gif" interface enables you to perform IPv{4,6} over IPv{4,6}
protocol tunneling. To use this interface, you must specify the
outer IPv{4,6} address by using gifconfig, like:
# gifconfig gif0 163.221.198.61 163.221.11.21
"ifconfig gif0" will configure the address pair used for inner
IPv{4,6} header.
It is not required to configure inner IPv{4,6} address pair. If
you do not configure inner IPv{4,6} address pair, tunnel link is
considered as un-numbered link and the source address of inner
IPv{4,6} address pair will be borrowed from other interfaces.
The following example configures un-numbered IPv6-over-IPv4 tunnel:
# gifconfig gif0 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0
The following example configures numbered IPv6-over-IPv4 tunnel:
# gifconfig gif0 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0
# ifconfig gif0 inet6 3ffe:501:808:5::1 3ffe:501:808:5::2 prefixlen 64
alias
IPv6 spec allows you to use point-to-point link without global IPv6
address assigned to the interface. Routing protocol (such as RIPng)
uses link-local addresses only. If you are to configure IPv6-over-IPv4
tunnel, you need not to configure an address pair for inner IPv6
header. We suggest you to use the former example (un-numbered
IPv6-over-IPv4 tunnel) to connect to 6bone for simplicity.
Note that it is so easy to make an infinite routing loop using gif
interface, if you configure a tunnel using the same protocol family
for inner and outer header (i.e. IPv4-over-IPv4).
Refer to gifconfig(8) for more details.
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We supply two variant of inetd(8) with KAME kit.
On most of OS platforms, we supply revised inetd(8) in
/usr/local/v6/sbin.
This supports AF_INET and AF_INET6 sockets, with IPsec policy
configuration
support. This is intended to replace OS-supplied inetd(8).
On some of the OS platforms, inet6d(8) is supplied as well.
This is designed to serve AF_INET6 services only, and you may want to
use
it with OS-supplied inetd(8).
Consult INSTALL document in platform-dependent directory (for example,
netbsd/INSTALL).
<<
The current KAME supports both transport mode and tunnel mode.
However, tunnel mode comes with some restrictions.
IPsec requires fairly complex configuration, so here we show transport
mode only.
http://www.kame.net/newsletter/ has more comprehensive
examples.
Let's setup security association to deploy a secure channel between
HOST A (10.2.3.4) and HOST B (10.6.7.8). Here we show a little
complicated example. From HOST A to HOST B, only old AH is used.
From HOST B to HOST A, new AH and new ESP are combined. Now we should
choose algorithm to be used corresponding to "AH"/"new
AH"/"ESP"/"new ESP".
Please refer to the "setkey" man page to know
algorithm names. Our choice is MD5 for AH, new-HMAC-SHA1 for new AH,
and new-DES-expIV with 8 byte IV for new ESP.
Key length highly depends on each algorithm. For example, key
length must be equal to 16 bytes for MD5, 20 for new-HMAC-SHA1,
and 8 for new-DES-expIV.
Now we choose "MYSECRETMYSECRET",
"KAMEKAMEKAMEKAMEKAME", "PASSWORD", respectively.
OK, let's assign SPI (Security Parameter Index) for each protocol.
Please note that we need 3 SPIs for this secure channel since three
security headers are produced (one for from HOST A to HOST B, two for
from HOST B to HOST A). Please also note that SPI MUST be greater
than or equal to 256. We choose, 1000, 2000, and 3000, respectively.
(1) HOST A ------> HOST B (1)PROTO=AH ALG=MD5(RFC1826)
KEY=MYSECRETMYSECRET SPI=1000
(2.1) HOST A <------ HOST B <------
(2.2)
(2.1) PROTO=AH ALG=new-HMAC-SHA1(new AH) KEY=KAMEKAMEKAMEKAMEKAME
SPI=2000
(2.2) PROTO=ESP ALG=new-DES-expIV(new ESP) IV length = 8
KEY=PASSWORD SPI=3000
Now, let's setup security association. Execute "setkey" on both HOST
A and B:
# setkey -c
add 10.2.3.4 10.6.7.8 ah 1000 -m transport -A keyed-md5
"MYSECRETMYSECRET" ;
add 10.6.7.8 10.2.3.4 ah 2000 -m transport -A hmac-sha1
"KAMEKAMEKAMEKAMEKAME" ;
add 10.6.7.8 10.2.3.4 esp 3000 -m transport -E des-cbc "PASSWORD" ;
Actually, IPsec communication doesn't process until security policy
entries will be defined. In this case, you must setup each host.
At A:
# setkey -c
spdadd 10.2.3.4 10.6.7.8 any -P out ipsec
ah/transport/10.2.3.4-10.6.7.8/require ;
At B:
spdadd 10.6.7.8 10.2.3.4 any -P out ipsec
esp/transport/10.6.7.8-10.2.3.4/require ;
spdadd 10.6.7.8 10.2.3.4 any -P out ipsec
ah/transport/10.6.7.8-10.2.3.4/require ;
To utilize the security associations installed into the kernel, you
must set the socket security level by using setsockopt().
This is per-application (or per-socket) security. For example,
the "ping" command has the -P option with parameter to enable AH and/or
ESP.
For example:
% ping -P "out ipsec \ ah/transport/10.0.1.1-10.0.2.2/use \
esp/tunnel/10.0.1.1-10.0.1.2/require" 10.0.2.2
If there are proper SAs, this policy specification causes ICMP packet
to be AH transport mode inner ESP tunnel mode like below.
HOST C
-----------> GATEWAY D ---------->
HOST E 10.0.1.1 10.0.1.2
10.0.2.1 10.0.2.2 | | | | | ======= ESP ======= | ====================
AH ==================
<<
To configure and control NAT, use the "pma" command.
# pma interface
ef1 external
# pma global ef1 198.76.28.0/24
# pma nat 172.16.11.1 to 198.76.28.1
# pma nat 172.16.12.0/24 to 198.76.28.128 port 32768-65535
# pma nat enable
For more information, please refer to the "pma" man page.